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− | There are several |
+ | There are several '''Elvish languages''' invented by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] of which [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]] are the most common and well-known (and complete), but there were many variations and dialects surrounding them. |
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− | [[File:Elvish.png|thumb|300px|Elvish letters.]] |
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The languages originated as follows: |
The languages originated as follows: |
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*'''[[Primitive Quendian]]''' (language of the Elves in [[Cuiviénen]]) |
*'''[[Primitive Quendian]]''' (language of the Elves in [[Cuiviénen]]) |
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− | **'''[[ |
+ | **'''[[Avarin]]''' |
***'''Various Avarin languages''' (some later merged with Nandorin) |
***'''Various Avarin languages''' (some later merged with Nandorin) |
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**'''[[Common Eldarin]]''' (the early language of all the [[Eldar]]) |
**'''[[Common Eldarin]]''' (the early language of all the [[Eldar]]) |
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****'''''Ñoldorin Quenya'' (also ''Exilic Quenya'') ''' (the "Elven Latin" of Middle-earth) |
****'''''Ñoldorin Quenya'' (also ''Exilic Quenya'') ''' (the "Elven Latin" of Middle-earth) |
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***'''[[Common Telerin]]''' (the early language of all the [[Lindar]]) |
***'''[[Common Telerin]]''' (the early language of all the [[Lindar]]) |
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− | ****'''[[ |
+ | ****'''[[Telerin]]''' (the language of the [[Teleri]] who reached the [[Undying Lands]]) |
− | ****''' |
+ | ****'''Nandorin''' (languages of the [[Nandor]] — some were influenced by Avarin) |
*****'''Original language of [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]]''' |
*****'''Original language of [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]]''' |
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*****'''Original language of [[Lothlórien|Lórinand]]''' |
*****'''Original language of [[Lothlórien|Lórinand]]''' |
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There were also the [[Tengwar]] and [[Cirth]] scripts. |
There were also the [[Tengwar]] and [[Cirth]] scripts. |
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− | ===Pronunciation=== |
+ | === Pronunciation === |
Sindarin and Quenya have in most aspects very much the same pronunciation. The following table gives pronunciation for each letter or cluster in international phonetic script and examples: |
Sindarin and Quenya have in most aspects very much the same pronunciation. The following table gives pronunciation for each letter or cluster in international phonetic script and examples: |
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|as in f'''a'''ther, but shorter. Like f'''a'''thom |
|as in f'''a'''ther, but shorter. Like f'''a'''thom |
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|{{Unicode|[ɑ]}} |
|{{Unicode|[ɑ]}} |
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+ | |as in ''c'''a'''t'' |
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− | | |
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|- |
|- |
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|á |
|á |
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* The digraph ''ch'', as in ''Orch'', is pronounced as in [[wikipedia:German language|German]] ''ach''. |
* The digraph ''ch'', as in ''Orch'', is pronounced as in [[wikipedia:German language|German]] ''ach''. |
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− | Most samples of the Elvish language are written out with the Latin alphabet, but the languages were written using [[Tengwar]], or occasionally carved in Cirth. Tengwar can however be used to write many other languages. |
+ | Most samples of the Elvish language are written out with the Latin alphabet, but the languages were written using [[Tengwar]], or occasionally carved in Cirth. Tengwar can, however, be used to write many other languages. |
'''See also:''' [[Languages of Middle-earth]] |
'''See also:''' [[Languages of Middle-earth]] |
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− | ==External links== |
+ | == External links == |
− | * {{TGlink|Elvish}} |
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* [http://www.elvish.org/FAQ.html The Tolkienian Linguistics FAQ] |
* [http://www.elvish.org/FAQ.html The Tolkienian Linguistics FAQ] |
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− | * [http://www.phy.duke.edu/~trenk/elvish/learn_elvish.html So You Want to Learn Elvish?] |
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* [http://www.elvish.org/resources.html Resources for Tolkienian Linguistics] |
* [http://www.elvish.org/resources.html Resources for Tolkienian Linguistics] |
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* [http://www.elvish.org/VT/sample.html Download Vinyar Tengwar 43 with Tolkien's Quenya translation of the Lord's Prayer] |
* [http://www.elvish.org/VT/sample.html Download Vinyar Tengwar 43 with Tolkien's Quenya translation of the Lord's Prayer] |
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* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net Learn Tengwar and Sarati] |
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net Learn Tengwar and Sarati] |
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* [http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/misc/local/TolkLang/fonts/ Elvish fonts] for [[wikipedia:TeX|T<sub>E</sub>X]] |
* [http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/misc/local/TolkLang/fonts/ Elvish fonts] for [[wikipedia:TeX|T<sub>E</sub>X]] |
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− | * [http://www.starchamber.com/paracelsus/elvish/elvish-in-ten-minutes.html Elvish in Ten Minutes / Write Your Name] |
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* [http://www.grey-company.org/Circle/language/phrase.htm elvish phrases] (helps when you are learning to get into the flow) |
* [http://www.grey-company.org/Circle/language/phrase.htm elvish phrases] (helps when you are learning to get into the flow) |
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+ | |||
[[Category:Language]] |
[[Category:Language]] |
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+ | |||
+ | [[fr:Elfique]] |
Revision as of 02:36, 27 July 2019
There are several Elvish languages invented by J.R.R. Tolkien of which Quenya and Sindarin are the most common and well-known (and complete), but there were many variations and dialects surrounding them.
Elvish languages of Middle-earth
The languages originated as follows:
- Primitive Quendian (language of the Elves in Cuiviénen)
- Avarin
- Various Avarin languages (some later merged with Nandorin)
- Common Eldarin (the early language of all the Eldar)
- Quenya (the language of the Ñoldor and the Vanyar)
- Quendya (also Vanyarin Quenya) (daily tongue of the Vanyar: closest to archaic Quenya)
- Ñoldorin Quenya (also Exilic Quenya) (the "Elven Latin" of Middle-earth)
- Common Telerin (the early language of all the Lindar)
- Telerin (the language of the Teleri who reached the Undying Lands)
- Nandorin (languages of the Nandor — some were influenced by Avarin)
- Original language of Greenwood the Great
- Original language of Lórinand
- Sindarin (language of the Sindar)
- Doriathrin (dialect of Doriath)
- Falathrin (dialect of the Falas and Nargothrond)
- North Sindarin (dialects of Dorthonion and Hithlum)
- Quenya (the language of the Ñoldor and the Vanyar)
- Avarin
There were also the Tengwar and Cirth scripts.
Pronunciation
Sindarin and Quenya have in most aspects very much the same pronunciation. The following table gives pronunciation for each letter or cluster in international phonetic script and examples:
Vowels
Letter / Digraph | Pronunciation | IPA | Further comment |
---|---|---|---|
a | as in father, but shorter. Like fathom | [ɑ] | as in cat |
á | as in father | [ɑː] | / |
â | (in Sindarin) as in father, but even longer | [ɑːː] | / |
ae | (in Sindarin) the vowels described for a and e in one syllable. | [ɑɛ̯] | Similar to ai |
ai | a diphthong, similar to that in eye, but with short vowels | [ɑɪ̯] | never as in rain |
au | a and u run together in one syllable. Similar to the sound in house | [ɑʊ̯] | never as in sauce |
aw | (in Sindarin) a common way to write au at the end of the word | [ɑʊ̯] | / |
e | as in pet | [ɛ] | / |
é | the same vowel lengthened (and in Quenya more closed; as in German) | S: [ɛː], Q: [eː] | Rural Hobbit pronunciation allows the sound as in English rain |
ê | (in Sindarin) the vowel of pet especially lengthened | [ɛːː] | Rural Hobbit pronunciation allows the sound as in English rain |
ei | as in eight | [ɛɪ̯] | never as in either (in neither pronunciation) |
eu | (in Quenya) e and u run together in one syllable | [ɛʊ̯] | never as in English or German |
i | as in machine, but short | [i] | not opened as in fit |
í | as in machine | [iː] | / |
î | (in Sindarin) as in machine, but especially lengthened | [iːː] | / |
iu | (in Quenya) i and u run together in one syllable | [iʊ̯] | later by men often as in English you |
o | open as in British got | [ɔ] | / |
ó | the same vowel lengthened (and in Quenya more closed; as in German) | S: [ɔː], Q: [oː] | Rural Hobbit pronunciation allows the sound of "long" English cold |
ô | (in Sindarin) the same vowel especially lengthened | [ɔːː] | Rural Hobbit pronunciation allows the sound of "long" English cold |
oi | (in Quenya) as in English coin | [ɔɪ̯] | / |
oe | (in Sindarin) the vowels described for o and e in one syllable. | [ɔɛ̯] | Similar to oi. Cf. œ! |
œ | (in Sindarin) as in German Götter | [œ] | in published writing often oe has falsely been used, as in Nírnaeth Arnoediad! |
u | as in cool, but shorter | [u] | not opened as in book |
ú | as in cool | [uː] | / |
û | (in Sindarin) the same vowel as above, but especially lengthened | [uːː] | / |
y | (in Sindarin) as in French lune or German süß, but short | [y] | not found in English, as in German "Hütte" |
ý | (in Sindarin) as in French lune or German süß | [yː] | / |
ŷ | (in Sindarin) as in French lune or German süß, but even longer | [yːː] | not found in English |
Consonants (differing from English)
- The letter c is always pronounced like the letter k, even before i and e.; for instance, Celeborn is pronounced Keleborn, and Cirth is pronounced Kirth.
- The letter g is never pronounced in the soft form, as in giant. For instance, Region is pronounced unlike the English word region.
- The letter r is lightly trilled, as in Spanish.
- The digraph dh, as in Caradhras, is pronounced like the th in this.
- The digraph ch, as in Orch, is pronounced as in German ach.
Most samples of the Elvish language are written out with the Latin alphabet, but the languages were written using Tengwar, or occasionally carved in Cirth. Tengwar can, however, be used to write many other languages.
See also: Languages of Middle-earth
External links
- The Tolkienian Linguistics FAQ
- Resources for Tolkienian Linguistics
- Download Vinyar Tengwar 43 with Tolkien's Quenya translation of the Lord's Prayer
- Ardalambion - a very complete source for learning Elvish
- Parma Tyelpelassiva - Quenya and Sindarin courses and compositions
- Elvish.org Publishes the journals Parma Eldalamberon, Tengwestië, and Vinyar Tengwar
- Various Tolkien resources
- Pronunciation guide
- A downloadable course in Quenya
- Learn Tengwar and Sarati
- Elvish fonts for TEX
- elvish phrases (helps when you are learning to get into the flow)