On Fairy-Stories

On Fairy-Stories  is an essay written by J. R. R. Tolkien, first published in Essays Presented to Charles Williams, Oxford University Press, 1947. It was subsequently published with Leaf by Niggle in Tree and Leaf as well as in The Tolkien Reader published 1966.

The essay is significant because it contains Tolkien's explanation of his philosophy on fantasy and thoughts on the crafting of mythologies. Moreover, the essay is an early analysis of speculative fiction by one of the most important authors in the genre.

Literary Context
Tolkein was among the pioneers of the genre that we would now call fantasy writing. In particular, his stories--together with those of C.S. Lewis were among the first to establish the convention of an alternate world, or universe, as the setting for speculative fiction. Most early modern writing that shared elements of Tolkein's style, such as the science fiction of H.G. Wells or the Gothic romances of Mary Shelley, were set on this earth, and introduced only a single fantastic element. Tolkein departed from this, creating an entirely new world-setting in elaborate detail. The essay On Fairy-Stories is an attempt to explain and defend that new genre.

Tokein names the genre Fairy Stories, which he is careful to distnguish it from Fairy Tales such as Grimm's Fairy Tales). This distinction seems to be twofold.  First, he defines fairy stories as not stories about fairies or other supernatural beings, but stories about the interaction between humans and those beings.  Second, he emphasizes that through the use of fantasy, which he equates with fancy and imagination, the author can bring the reader to experience a world which is consistent and rational, yet utterly strange as well.  He calls this “a rare achievement of Art,” and notes that it was important to him as a reader:  "It was in fairy-stories that I first divined the potency of the words, and the wonder of things, such as stone, and wood, and iron; tree and grass; house and fire; bread and wine."

Having defined the genre, Tolkein goes on to defend its utility on three grounds. First, he suggests that fairy stories allow the reader to review his or her own world from the "perspective" of a different world. This concept, which shares much in common with cultural relativism, Tolkein calls "recovery," in the sense that one's unquestioned assumptions might be recovered and changed by an outside perspective. Second, he defends fairy stories as offering escapist pleasure to the reader. And third, Tolkein suggests that fairy stories (can) provide moral or emotional consolation, through their happy ending, which he terms a “eucatastrophe.”